Online Disscuision week 4

Discussion : Elements of Typography
1.Tabulate the function of each elements such as;
-Kerning
-Tracking
-Leading
-Alignment
-Ligatures
-Hyphenation
-Rag
-Widows and Orphans
Use your own words, NO PLAGIARISM, and attach your reading or resources as an evidence.
Notes:
This question only valid in a week
Your are not recommended to use wikipedia, dictionary,com, meriam-webster, please use academic material such articles, journals, books, or any related to answer this question.
Unattended will affect your marks.
Thanks

Kerning- Is to adjust space, but of the distance between two letters. Set too closely together, words are indecipherable, set to far apart and they are awkward to read.

Tracking- Is often confused of kerning, but the concept is a little different. Tracking involves adjusting the spacing throughout the entire word. Tracking in generally used to fill a space that's larges or smaller than currently suits the type's parameters or to make a single word seem airy and impressive. 

Leading- is an essential design aspect that determines how text is spaced vertically in lines. Make sure the distance from the bottom of the words above to the top of the words below has appropriate spacing to make them legible. 

Alignment- Margins define the reading area of your page by separating the main text from the surrounding environment. They also add visual interest by consulting the positive space of the screen from the negative space.

Ligatures- Two or more letter combined into one character make a ligatures. Some ligatures represent specific sounds or words. 

Hyphenation- Automated process of breaking words between lines to create more consistency across a text block. Can be suppressed in a single paragraph or a set of paragraph if you suppress hyphenation within paragraph and characters styles. 

Rag- Refers to the irregular or uneven vertical margin of a block of type. Usually it's the right margin that's ragged, but either or both margins can be ragged. 

Widows and Orphans- A widow is a very short line. Usually one word, or the end of hyphenated word at the end of a paragraph or column. Like a widow, an orphan is  a single word, part of a word or very short line, except it appears at the beginning of a column or a page. 

Resources

https://creativemarket.com/blog/whats-the-difference-between-leading-kerning-and-tracking

https://www.lifewire.com/ligature-in-typography-1078102

https://webstyleguide.com/wsg2/type/align.html

https://practicaltypography.com/hyphenation.html

https://www.fonts.com/content/learning/fontology/level-2/text-typography/rags-widows-orphans